History and Culture

Reading I: Pratap Malla

A. Complete the following sentences with the correct words from the text.
Answer:

a. Queen Rajendra Laxmi ruled the country as a regent because her son Rana Bahadur Shah was too young.

b. Many buildings were renovated as they were destroyed by the earthquake..

c. Many temples had their pinnacles made of gold.

d. As the original trophy was stolen, they made the exact replica of it.

e. Madhav Prasad Ghimire was conferred the title ‘Rastrakavi’ in 2003.

f. The government patronised Jhamak Kumari Ghimire for her contribution to Nepali literature.

g. The British soldiers tried to invade Nepal but the brave Nepali people chased them away.

B. Choose the best alternative.
Answer:

a. Why did Pratap Malla keep his father in jail?
Ans: ii. Pratap Malla wanted to be the king soon.

b. What made Kantipur a strong state during Pratap Mallais reign?
Ans: ii. Pratap Malla’s diplomacy

c. Which of the following was not renovated by Pratap Malla?
Ans: iv. Temple of Budhanilkantha

d. One of the problems with driverless technology is that….
Ans: it can’t deal with human drivers.

e. According to the text, which of the following did not happen during Pratap Malla’s reign?
Ans:- iii. Invasion of Kantipur

C. Answer these questions.
Answer:

a. Name two countries that had trade with Kantipur.
Ans: Two countries that engaged in trade with Kantipur during Pratap Malla’s reign were India and China.

b. How did Pratap Malla keep his kingdom safe from Lalitpur and Bhaktapur?
Ans: Pratap Malla ensured the safety of his kingdom from Lalitpur and Bhaktapur by employing a strategic approach. He fostered a divide-and-conquer tactic, playing the kings of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur against each other. At times, he aligned with Bhaktapur to pose a threat to Lalitpur, while on other occasions, he allied with Lalitpur and confronted Bhaktapur.

c. Where did Pratap Malla place the image of Lord Hanuman? Why?
Ans: Pratap Malla placed the image of Lord Hanuman beside the gate of his palace, which he named Hanumandhoka. He did this to ward off negative influences and protect his kingdom from evil forces.

d. Pratap Malla conferred himself with the title ‘Kabeendral. Do you think this title suit him? Give reasons.
Ans: Pratap Malla bestowed upon himself the title of ‘Kabeendral,’ meaning the king of poets. This title suits him well due to his extensive knowledge and poetic abilities. He possessed the talent to compose poems in multiple languages, including Sanskrit, Nepal Bhasa, Nepali, Bengali, and Hindi.

e. Pratap Malla used to invite the intellectuals at his palace. What does this indicate about his personality as a king?
Ans: By inviting intellectuals to his palace, Pratap Malla demonstrated his personality as a king who valued and supported scholars. This reflects his interest in learning, as well as his dedication to promoting and nurturing the arts and literature of his time.

D. Pratap Malla contributed a lot to Nepali culture during his reign. Can you name some of them which still exist?
Answer:

Pratap Malla, also known as Pratap Singh Malla, was a significant figure in Nepali history and his reign from 1641 to 1674 made lasting contributions to Nepali culture. Some of his contributions that still exist today include:

Architecture: Pratap Malla was a patron of art and architecture, and he commissioned the construction of numerous temples, palaces, and public squares. One of his most renowned architectural contributions is the Kathmandu Durbar Square, which houses several temples and palaces that reflect the rich cultural heritage of Nepal.

Temples and Shrines: Pratap Malla’s reign saw the construction of many temples and shrines in Kathmandu Valley. Some notable examples include the Krishna Mandir, Jagannath Mandir, and the Taleju Temple in Kathmandu Durbar Square. These sacred structures are still actively worshipped and hold religious significance for the Nepali people.

Festivals: Pratap Malla played a pivotal role in promoting and preserving Nepali festivals. He instituted various cultural events and religious festivals, including the famous Indra Jatra, which is celebrated annually in Kathmandu Valley. Indra Jatra is a vibrant festival featuring masked dances, processions, and religious ceremonies.

Art and Literature: Pratap Malla’s reign witnessed a flourishing of art and literature. He encouraged and supported poets, writers, and artists, leading to the creation of numerous literary and artistic works. The court of Pratap Malla became a hub for poets and scholars, fostering creativity and cultural exchange.

Royal Traditions: Pratap Malla established and solidified several royal traditions that continue to shape Nepali culture today. He introduced royal rituals, customs, and ceremonies that became an integral part of Nepali monarchial heritage.

These are just a few examples of Pratap Malla’s contributions to Nepali culture during his reign. His patronage of the arts, promotion of religious festivals, architectural endeavors, and support for literature left a lasting impact on the cultural fabric of Nepal.

Grammar I

A. Find the second part of each sentence. Then, change each verb into the correct form.
Answer:

a. The alarm (go)
Ans: ii. while Trishna (sleep).

b. As soon as the teacher (ask) the question
Ans: i. Brinda (reply) her.

c. I (do) my homework
Ans: iv. when the telephone (ring).

d. When the doors (open)
Ans: v. the audience (rush) into the stadium.

e. When we (wake)
Ans: ili. we (see) the sun shining brightly.

B. Complete the sentences. Write in the correct form of each verb.
Answer:

a. When I arrived home, my dad was preparing snacks for me.

b. That day, when we left home, the sky was overcast and it was drizzling.

c. Last week, we booked a hotel online. The hotel was really wonderful. The staff were standing at the gate to welcome us when we reached there.

d. Were the children sleeping when you reached home that night?

e. Something very strange happened on my way home yesterday. I was walking along the way. Suddenly, I saw my grandfather following But he had died a year ago.

f. We were traveling to Chitwan when the police stopped us on the way. According to them, there was a bomb there. So, we had to wait for an hour.

C. Make sentences using the words given in the brackets. Use the correct forms of the verbs: simple past or past continuous.
Answer:

a. It began to snow while we were returning home.

b. Kamal fell off while he was playing on the verandah.

c. Amit was waiting for me when I reached the station.

d. Simran took my photos while I was not looking at the camera.

e. What were you doing yesterday when I called you?

f. I broke the glass while I was washing it.

g. The teacher entered the class while some students were dancing in the class.

h. I found the lost purse while I was cleaning the room.

i. Dipisha finished her homework while her brother was watching TV.

Writing I

A. Study the events below. These are the major events that happened in the history of Nepal from 2017 B.S. to 2046 B.S. Write a couple of paragraphs about Nepal’s journey from Panchayat to Multiparty Democracy.
Answer:

Nepal’s transition from the Panchayat System to a multiparty democracy was a lengthy and tumultuous process. It all began on January 1, 2017, when King Mahendra dismissed the elected government, suspended parliament, imprisoned the Prime Minister and Ministers, banned political parties and activities, and consolidated his power. This led to the establishment of the autocratic Panchayat System on January 22, 2017, which lasted for almost thirty years. While this period provided some stability, it was marred by corruption, human rights abuses, and the suppression of dissent.

In 2036, King Birendra announced a referendum to determine whether the Panchayat System should continue or if a multiparty democracy should be established. The election took place on April 20, 2037, with the majority of people voting in favor of a multiparty democracy. However, the King disregarded the result, and Nepal remained under the Panchayat System for another five years.

In 2042, a non-violent civil disobedience movement was launched against the Panchayat System. This movement was led by various political parties, civil society organizations, and student groups. Initially suppressed, the movement gained momentum and forced the government to make some concessions. Eventually, on February 7, 2046, the mass movement officially commenced and continued for several weeks until the King agreed to restore the multiparty system on April 26, 2046.

The restoration of multiparty democracy marked a significant turning point in Nepal’s history. It brought forth political freedom, respect for human rights, and economic growth. The journey from the Panchayat System to multiparty democracy in Nepal was arduous and demanding, but it demonstrated the resilience and determination of the Nepali people to achieve their aspirations for a brighter future.

B. Some people think studying history is just a waste of time while others think that it is essential. What do you think of these ideas? Write your opinion in about 200 words.
Answer:

In my opinion, studying history is not just a waste of time; it is essential for several reasons. History provides us with a deeper understanding of the world we live in today. It allows us to examine the past, learn from it, and make informed decisions for the future.

Firstly, history helps us comprehend the present by shedding light on the origins of social, political, and cultural systems. By studying the past, we can identify patterns, trends, and factors that have shaped our societies and institutions. This knowledge enables us to navigate current challenges more effectively, as we can draw upon the lessons of the past.

Secondly, history promotes critical thinking and analysis. It teaches us to evaluate sources, analyze evidence, and develop coherent arguments. These skills are invaluable in various fields, including law, journalism, and policymaking. History also fosters empathy and tolerance by exposing us to diverse perspectives and cultures. By understanding the experiences of others in different times and places, we become more empathetic and open-minded individuals.

Furthermore, studying history helps us avoid repeating past mistakes. By examining the consequences of past actions and decisions, we can make more informed choices in the present. History serves as a cautionary tale, reminding us of the dangers of prejudice, extremism, and authoritarianism.

Lastly, history allows us to appreciate human achievements and understand our collective heritage. It helps us preserve cultural identities, traditions, and shared values. By studying the accomplishments of past civilizations, we gain a sense of continuity and a connection to those who came before us.

In conclusion, studying history is far from being a waste of time; it is an essential discipline that enriches our understanding of the world, enhances critical thinking skills, fosters empathy, and guides us towards a better future.

Reading II: Flowers in Russian Culture

A. Find out the single words for the following meanings.
Answer:

a. a strong, usually pleasant smell: aroma

b. different colours of paint, especially as used by an artist: palette

c. to a great degree: immensely

d. lasting only a short time: fleeting

e. the act or process of producing children or baby animals: procreation

f. enclose (something) in or as if in a capsule: encapsulate

g. a type of treatment which involves massaging the body with special fragrant oils: aromatherapy

h. causing to be kept away: repellent

i. to be a sign of something that will happen in the future: foreshadow

B. Words like gift-giving, heartwarming, cardboard, etc., are compound words. Make a list of such compound words from the text.
Answer:

Lesser-known
Fortune-telling
Self-murmured
Newly-wed
Cardboard
Aromatherapy
Flower-gifting
Heartwarming

C. Complete the sentences below with the correct information from the text.
Answer:

a. People do not care which flowers they are receiving as long as the flowers are beautiful and give off a pleasant aroma.

b. Flowers are gifted worldwide to express love and affection.

c. Following the strict flower etiquette while gifting flowers in Russia saves you from offending people.

d. Red carnations symbolize the 1917 February Revolution produced by the Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party of Bolsheviks.

e. Russian people believe that the white carnation symbolizes bad omens, so we should not gift them to performers.

f. Russian people do not gift red puppy flowers to their beloved ones because they think it weakens their loved one.

g. When Russians want to break up with their beloved ones, they gift a bunch of yellow flowers.

h. Chamomiles have medicinal values, so they can be used for the treatment of fatal diseases.

i. We should not gift a white lily bouquet in a Russian wedding as it symbolizes death.

D. Answer these questions.
Answer:

a. Mention any two reasons for which people gift flowers to others.
Ans: People give flowers to others for various reasons, such as expressing love, appreciation, sympathy, gratitude, congratulations, or to simply brighten someone’s day.

b. How do people feel when they are gifted flowers?
Ans: Receiving flowers as a gift generally makes people feel happy and appreciated. Flowers have been shown to have a positive impact on mood, reducing stress and anxiety.

c. What determines the selection of flowers for gifting in Russia?
Ans: The selection of flowers for gifting in Russia is often influenced by their symbolic meanings. For example, red roses are commonly given as a symbol of love, while yellow flowers may be associated with jealousy or betrayal

d. Which event in Russian history is reflected by the red carnation?
Ans: The red carnation is associated with the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia, which marked the beginning of the Soviet era

e. Does a Russian like to keep a white carnation under his/her pillow? Why?
Ans: Do Russians place a white carnation under their pillow? If so, why? Yes, it is believed in Russia that placing a white carnation under one’s pillow can bring about good dreams and promote peaceful sleep.

f. What’s the reason for connecting the red puppy with fragile love?
Ans:The red poppy is often associated with fragile love due to its delicate petals and short lifespan, symbolizing the fleeting nature of romantic relationships.

g. What makes the Russian people eat red puppy seeds in their wedding?
Ans: In Russian culture, it is believed that consuming red poppy seeds during a wedding brings good luck and fertility to the newlyweds.

h. Do you prefer to grow chamomile in your garden? Why?
Ans: Chamomile is a favored choice among many gardeners due to its ease of cultivation and numerous health benefits.

I. What colour is chamomile?
Ans: Chamomile flowers are typically white with a yellow center.

j. Write the names of two flowers used for fortune telling.
Ans: Two flowers commonly used for fortune-telling are dandelions and marigolds.

k. Which flower is mostly used in Russian weddings?
Ans: The most commonly used flower in Russian weddings is the white lily.

D. Do you know other flowers that are commonly used for gifting? Write the names of those flowers and the occasions on which they are gifted.
Answer:

Roses – Roses are versatile flowers and are often given on occasions like Valentine’s Day, anniversaries, birthdays, and to express love and affection.
Lilies – Lilies are elegant flowers that symbolize purity and beauty. They are often gifted for weddings, anniversaries, and to offer condolences during funerals.
Tulips – Tulips are vibrant and cheerful flowers. They are popular gifts for birthdays, Mother’s Day, and to convey a message of appreciation and admiration.
Sunflowers – Sunflowers are known for their bright and sunny appearance. They make great gifts for birthdays, housewarmings, and to uplift someone’s mood.
Orchids – Orchids are exotic and elegant flowers that represent luxury and beauty. They are commonly gifted for birthdays, graduations, and to express admiration.
Carnations – Carnations are versatile flowers available in various colors. They are often given on Mother’s Day, as they symbolize maternal love. They are also suitable for birthdays and anniversaries.
Daisies – Daisies are cheerful and symbolize innocence and purity. They are popular for birthdays, get-well-soon wishes, and to express friendship.
Gerberas – Gerbera daisies are vibrant and colorful flowers that represent happiness and joy. They are commonly gifted for birthdays, housewarming parties, and to uplift spirits.
Chrysanthemums – Chrysanthemums come in different colors and are associated with autumn. They are often given for birthdays, as well as to celebrate Mother’s Day in some cultures.
Irises – Irises are elegant flowers that symbolize wisdom and faith. They are suitable for birthdays, as well as to express condolences or support during challenging times.

Grammar II

Here, you can find Class 10 English Unit 9 Reading 2 grammar 2 exercise based on new curriculum set by government of Nepal on 2080:

A. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in the brackets.
Answer:

a. The children .. . five minutes ago. (arrive)
Ans: arrived

b. Ramchandra…….. the ticket before he went to the cinema. (buy)
Ans: had bought

c. Alexander……. one-fourth of the world before he was thirty. (conquer)
Ans: conquered

d. When she came out of the airport, nobody . . . . for her. (wait)
Ans: was waiting

f. I found a thousand rupee note in my pants pocket while I……it. (wash)
Ans: was washing

g. Somebody ….at my door while I was taking a rest. (knock)
Ans: knocked

h. Every year, he ………some money which he spent to buy a new house. (save)
Ans: saved

i. I ……….. my breakfast before I went to work. (have)
Ans: was having

j. The train…….. before we reached the station. (leave)
Ans: had left

B. Complete the story below with the correct form of the verbs given in the brackets.
Answer:
A young lady entered a shop in Birendranagar, Surkhet. She put a few items of food in a bag. She chose a time when not many people were there in the street. She waited for the moment when no one else would see her running away. When the shopkeeper checked the goods, she gave him a thousand-rupee note. As soon as the shopkeeper opened the box, she snatched all the money from it. Meanwhile, she had run out of the shop before the shopkeeper realized what had happened. When the shopkeeper checked the amount in the box, he found that the thief had taken only Rs. 450. As the thief had left a thousand-rupee note behind, the operation cost her Rs. 550.

Writing II

A. Write a story using the outlines given below.

The Bat, the Birds, and the Beasts

a great conflict between the birds and the beasts ……. two armies collected together …… the bat refuses to join ……. says he is a beast ………. beasts request …… says he is a bird ….. peace made, no battle ….. rejoicing …….. bat wishes to join ……….. both turn against him ….. threaten to tear into pieces …… bat flies away …………moral
Answer:

The Bat, the Birds, and the Beasts

Once upon a time, there was a great conflict between the birds and the beasts. Both sides were angry with each other, and soon two mighty armies collected together, ready for a fierce battle.

In the midst of this tension, the bat was asked to join one side. At first, the bat refused, saying, *“I am a beast, not a bird. I will not take sides.”* The beasts, however, pleaded with him to join them. Then the bat cleverly replied, *“No, I am a bird, not a beast.”*

The animals were confused, and in the meantime, both armies realized that a battle would bring them only loss and sorrow. So, they decided to make peace. There was great rejoicing among the birds and beasts, and harmony was restored.

After the peace was made, the bat wished to join the celebration. But now, both the birds and the beasts turned against him. They were angry at his earlier trickery and threatened to tear him into pieces. Seeing the danger, the bat quickly flew away, never to interfere again.

Moral: Those who try to deceive everyone may find themselves alone and in danger.

B. Write a story that begins with the sentence ‘One warm summer afternoon an old owl was dozing when a grasshopper disturbed it with a very raspy song.’
Answer:

The Wise Owl and the Noisy Grasshopper

One warm summer afternoon, an old owl was dozing when a grasshopper disturbed it with a very raspy song. The owl opened one eye and asked, “Why are you making so much noise when the world is resting?”

“I am singing because I am happy!” said the grasshopper. “Summer is here, and I must enjoy it while I can.” The owl shook its head and replied, “Enjoyment is good, but one must also think of the future. Winter will come soon, and you must be ready.”

The grasshopper laughed at the owl’s warning and continued singing all day. It hopped from leaf to leaf, played with friends, and hardly thought about food or safety. The old owl watched quietly, knowing that the grasshopper’s carefree habits could bring trouble later.

As the days passed, summer ended, and cold winds of winter began to blow. Food became scarce, and the grasshopper shivered in the cold. Hungry and weak, it remembered the owl’s advice and sought help. The owl welcomed it warmly, sharing food and shelter.

The grasshopper learned an important lesson that day: enjoying life is good, but planning for the future is equally important. From then on, it balanced work and play wisely.

Moral: Enjoy life, but always prepare for the future.

Class 10 English Unit 9 History and Culture Exercise: Included all Questions and Answers (With Grammar I and II + Writing I and II Solution)